Penn State Study Evaluates CBT vs Mindfulness for Opioid-Dependent Chronic Low Back Pain

PainRelief.com Interview with:
Aleksandra E. Zgierska, MD, PhD
Jeanne L. and Thomas L. Leaman, MD, Endowed Professor and Vice Chair for Research
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Professor, Department of Public Health Sciences
Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania

PainRelief.com: What is the background for this study?

Response: This research began about 15 years ago, grounded in my clinical work as a family physician and addiction medicine specialist. While many patients were referred for the treatment of opioid use disorder, a growing number were adults with chronic pain treated with long-term opioids—patients who didn’t quite fit into existing systems. They weren’t appropriate for addiction treatment, yet often felt unwelcome in primary care or pain clinics. Most had tried multiple medications, procedures, and physical therapy, often with limited relief. What stood out was how few had received evidence-based psychological treatments for chronic pain, despite also struggling with mental health challenges and maladaptive coping.

I became interested in identifying safe, long-term strategies to help these patients manage pain and improve their quality of life. Medications or procedures often have limited, short-term benefits and can cause side effects. Many patients were hesitant to try physical therapy again, especially given their pain levels and fear of worsening symptoms. This led me to explore psychological approaches—particularly mindfulness, which, unlike cognitive behavioral therapy or CBT (already considered a standard but underused approach), had untapped potential for addressing pain, mental health, and overall well-being.

Our team launched a pilot study comparing mindfulness-based therapy plus usual care to usual care alone for adults with opioid-treated chronic low back pain—the most common non-cancer pain treated with opioids. The results were promising and led to a large, multisite clinical trial funded by Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). In this trial, we compared mindfulness to CBT, in partnership with expert teams across the country led by Dr. Bruce Barrett (University of Wisconsin-Madison), Dr. Robert Edwards (Brigham and Women’s Hospital), and Dr. Eric Garland (University of Utah), and coordinated by the study manager, Cindy Burzinski. We hypothesized that mindfulness would outperform CBT in improving pain, function, quality of life, and reducing opioid use.

A unique strength of our study was the meaningful involvement of stakeholders throughout the entire project. From the initial planning phase—before our proposal was even submitted to PCORI—we partnered with individuals representing the perspectives of patients, caregivers, clinicians (including physicians, mental health providers, and physical therapists), and advocacy organizations. These stakeholder advisory groups met with us regularly throughout the study to provide input on how to make the project more relevant to real-world clinical settings and more user-friendly for both patients and providers. They also played a key role in interpreting the results. Their insights enriched every phase of the project and ensured that our research stayed grounded in patient-centered priorities. We were proud to formally acknowledge our partners’ contributions in the paper; two of them, Penney Cowan and Christin Veasley, are founders of prominent patient advocacy organizations and directly co-authored the article. We believe this type of collaboration should become standard practice in clinical research. It’s a powerful way to bridge the gap between research and real-world implementation.

Yale Study Evaluates Long-Term Use of Muscle Relaxant Medications for Chronic Pain

PainRelief.com Interview with:
Benjamin Oldfield, MD MHS
Vice President of Clinical Affairs
Program in Addiction Medicine
Department of Medicine
Yale School of Medicine
New Fair Haven Community Health Care
New Haven, Connecticut

PainRelief.com: What is the background for this study? What are the main findings?

Response: Stricter opioid prescribing guidelines have been associated with more prescriptions of other (non-opioid) classes of medicines for pain, and particularly for chronic pain. Muscle relaxant medications (a class of medications that includes, for example, cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine, and others) have gotten very popular in the last several years.

By some measures, prescriptions for this class of medicines doubled between 2005 and 2016, and physician visits for continuing muscle relaxant medications tripled during the same period. However, this class of medications is generally indicated for acute pain, in short courses (not for chronic pain, in longer courses). So, we set out to analyze all the literature to ask—what is the safety and efficacy of this class of medications for chronic pain, in longer courses (1 month or more)?

Less-is-More Approach to Pain Relief After Surgery

PainRelief.com Interview with:
Dr Deanne Jenkin PhD
UNSW Australia,
now Research Fellow at The Daffodil Centre
Sydney, Australia

Dr Jenkin

PainRelief.com:  What is the background for this study?  What are the main findings?

Response: At the time, long-term opioid use for chronic non-cancer pain was increasing and there were signs that their benefit was overestimated whilst the harms were underestimated. Our randomized trial found that after going home from fracture surgery, strong opioids were not better for pain relief compared to a milder, potentially safer opioid alternative.

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